Boys on their way to play cricket walk through a dried patch of Chandola Lake in Ahmadabad, India. The decade that just ended was by far the hottest ever measured on Earth, capped off by the second-warmest year on record, NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported on Wednesday. (AP)
WASHINGTON聽 鈥� The decade that just ended was by far the hottest ever measured on Earth, capped off by the second-warmest year on record, two U.S. agencies reported Wednesday. And scientists said they see no end to the way man-made climate change keeps shattering records.
鈥淚f you think you鈥檝e heard this story before, you haven鈥檛 seen anything yet,鈥� Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA鈥檚 Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said at the close of a decade plagued by raging wildfires, melting ice and extreme weather that researchers have repeatedly tied to human activity.
Schmidt said Earth as a whole is probably the hottest it has been during the Holocene 鈥� the past 11,500 years or so 鈥� meaning this could be the warmest period since the dawn of civilization. But scientists鈥� estimates of ancient global temperatures, based on tree rings, ice cores and other telltale signs, are not precise enough to say that with certainty.
The 2010s averaged 58.4 degrees Fahrenheit (14.7 degrees Celsius) worldwide, or 1.4 degrees (0.8 C) higher than the 20th century average and more than one-third of a degree (one-fifth of a degree C) warmer than the previous decade, which had been the hottest on record, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The decade had eight of the 10 hottest years on record. The only other years in the top 10 were 2005 and 1998.
NASA and NOAA also calculated that 2019 was the second-hottest year in the 140 years of record-keeping. Five other global teams of monitoring scientists agreed, based on temperature readings taken on Earth鈥檚 surface, while various satellite-based measurements said it was anywhere from the hottest year on record to the third-hottest.
Several scientists said the coming years will be even hotter, knocking these years out of the record books.
鈥淭his is going to be part of what we see every year until we stabilize greenhouse gases鈥� from the burning of coal, oil and gas, Schmidt said.
鈥淚t鈥檚 sobering to think that we might be breaking global temperature records in quick succession,鈥� said Georgia Tech climate scientist Kim Cobb. 鈥�2020 is off to a horrifying climate start, and I fear what the rest of the year will bring to our doorsteps.鈥�
NASA鈥檚 Schmidt said that overall, Earth is now about 1.2 degrees C (nearly 2.2 F) hotter since the beginning of the industrial age, a number that is important because in 2015 global leaders adopted a goal of preventing 1.5 C (2.7 F) of warming since the rise of big industry in the mid- to late 1800s. He said that shows the global goal can鈥檛 be achieved. (NOAA and the World Meteorological Organization put the warming since the dawn of industry slightly lower.)
鈥淲e have strong human-induced global warming,鈥� said Friederike Otto, a climate scientist at the University of Oxford. 鈥淲hat we observe here is exactly what our physical understanding tells us to expect and there is no other explanation.鈥�
Other explanations that rely on natural causes 鈥� extra heat from the sun, more reflection of sunlight because of volcanic particles in atmosphere, and just random climate variations 鈥� 鈥渁re all much too small to explain the long-term trend,鈥� Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said.
Scientists said the the decade-long data is more telling than the year-to-year measurements, where natural variations such as El Nino, the periodic warming of the Pacific Ocean, come into play.
鈥淗uman-caused climate change is responsible for the long-term warming 鈥� it鈥檚 responsible for why the 2010s were warmer than 2000s, which were warmer than the 1990s, etc.,鈥� Texas A&M University climate scientist Andrew Dessler said in an email. 鈥淏ut humans are not responsible for why 2016 was warmer than 2015 or why 2019 was warmer than 2018.鈥�
NOAA said the average global temperature in 2019 was 58.7 degrees (14.85 C), or just a few hundredths of a degree behind 2016, when the world got extra heat from El Nino. That鈥檚 1.71 degrees (0.95 C) higher than the 20th century average and 2.08 degrees (1.16 C) warmer than the late 19th century.
Parts of Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa and South America had record-high temperatures in 2019, as did Alaska, New Zealand and New Mexico, NOAA said. Alaska was 6.2 degrees warmer than average, at 32.2 F. It was the first time in recorded history that Alaska鈥檚 average annual temperature was above freezing.
The United States, which had only its 34th-warmest year, was nevertheless hit by 14 weather disasters that caused $1 billion or more in damage last year, according to NOAA.
Globally the past five years stand out as the hottest five on record, nearly 1.7 degrees (0.9 C) warmer than the 20th century average. The last year Earth was cooler than the 20th century average was 1976, before Democratic presidential candidate Pete Buttigieg, French President Emmanuel Macron and Donald Trump Jr. were born.
If you want to know what this means for people and the world, just look at wildfire-stricken Australia, Schmidt and others said.
Global warming is already being seen in heat waves, ice sheet melt, more wildfires, stronger storms, flood-inducing downpours and accelerating sea level rise, said Hans-Otto Portner, who heads the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change team that looks at the impact of climate change.
Sea ice both in the Arctic and Antarctic reached their second-lowest levels in 40 years of monitoring, NOAA reported.
Dr. Renee Salas, a Boston emergency room physician and Harvard professor who studies climate change鈥檚 effects on health, said 鈥渢hese temperatures are not just statistics but have names and stories,鈥� mentioning a construction worker and an elderly man with no air conditioning who were her patients this summer.
鈥淭he planet has a fever,鈥� Salas said, 鈥渁nd that鈥檚 its symptom.鈥�