In this photo provided by the United Nations, Volkan Bozkir, president of the seventy-fifth session of the United Nations General Assembly, speaks, Tuesday, Sept. 22, 2020, at U.N. Headquarters in New York. The U.N.鈥檚 first virtual meeting of world leaders started Tuesday with pre-recorded speeches from some of the planet鈥檚 biggest powers, kept at home by the coronavirus pandemic that will likely be a dominant theme at their video gathering this year. (Eskinder Debebe/UN via AP)
The subject: coronavirus. The status: urgent. The solutions: as diverse as the nations they lead.
With the 75th annual U.N. General Assembly reduced to recorded speeches because of the pandemic, leaders are using this week as an opportunity to depict the pandemic from the vantage points of their nations and themselves 鈥� and present their visions of efforts to fight the virus and advocate what they believe must be done.
A smattering of myriad ideas from speeches on Tuesday, the first day of the general debate:
鈥� South African President Cyril Ramaphosa called for a suspension of interest payments on African nations鈥� debt and a renewed focus on eradicating global poverty.
鈥� Chilean President Sebasti谩n Pi帽era called on powerful nations to work together and stop generating 鈥渁 worrisome lack of leadership.鈥�
鈥� Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte echoed a call from many leaders when he said that once an effective vaccine is developed, it must be made available to all nations.
Not surprisingly in such speeches, aimed at both domestic audiences and the international community, heads of state were presenting their own efforts in favorable light while sometimes harshly criticizing other countries or taking jabs at the United Nations.
This year鈥檚 theme 鈥� 鈥渞eaffirming our collective commitment to multilateralism鈥� 鈥� comes at a time of extreme physical isolation between citizens in respective countries and between nations, a moment when international travel has declined sharply. It also comes as the world approaches 1 million deaths from the virus since December, adding urgency to the search for solutions.
鈥淭he leaders of our nations are not personally present. They will not be able to interact with each other,鈥� General Assembly President Volkan Bozkir, a Turkish diplomat, said in opening Tuesday鈥檚 session. 鈥淏ut our need for deliberation is higher than ever.鈥�
Despite this year鈥檚 theme, speeches by leaders of some of the world鈥檚 most powerful nations have thus far been peppered with initiatives that sound more go-it-alone than collaborative, though all gave nods to working together.
Russian President Vladimir Putin went so far as to offer U.N. personnel a coronavirus vaccine his country is developing. Chinese President Xi Jinping said a handful of vaccines were in phase 3 of clinical trials and that Beijing would give millions to a U.N. fund to combat the virus.
鈥�1.4 billion Chinese, undaunted by COVID-19, have made all efforts to control the virus,鈥� Xi said, underscoring how China had drastically slowed the spread after the virus was discovered in the Chinese city of Wuhan.
In this image made from UNTV video, Sebastian Pinera Echenique, President of Chile, speaks in a pre-recorded message which was played during the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly, Tuesday, Sept. 22, 2020, at U.N. headquarters in New York. The U.N.鈥檚 first virtual meeting of world leaders started Tuesday with pre-recorded speeches from some of the planet鈥檚 biggest powers, kept at home by the coronavirus pandemic that will likely be a dominant theme at their video gathering this year. (UNTV via AP)
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdo臒an, while lauding his own nation鈥檚 cooperation and calling for nations to work together, took a swipe at how the U.N. currently functions. Earlier this year, Erdo臒an said, it took months for the Security Council to even discuss the pandemic.
Saeed Khan, director of global studies at Wayne State University in Michigan, said the coronavirus has 鈥渂ecome a metaphor for globalism versus nationalism.鈥�
鈥淭he greatest resistance is coming from regimes that are hypernationalistic,鈥� he said.
To be sure, the pandemic has brought out simmering divisions between nations, providing new things over which to argue.
U.S. President Donald Trump told the assembly that America had 鈥渨aged a fight against a great enemy, the China virus,鈥� and called on the U.N. to hold China accountable for the virus and other things.
Trump, campaigning for re-election ahead of November鈥檚 election, did not mention that on Tuesday the U.S. reached an unwanted milestone 鈥� 200,000 coronavirus deaths, by far the largest number of any country in the world 鈥� or that polls show a majority of Americans disapprove of his handling of the pandemic.
Xi said any 鈥減oliticizing or stigmatizing should be avoided, that 鈥渕ajor countries should act like major countries鈥� and no solutions could be found by burying 鈥渙ne鈥檚 head in the sand like an ostrich,鈥� not-so-subtle criticisms of America鈥檚 response. Cuban President Miguel D铆az-Canel Berm煤dez lamented how much COVID-19 had altered daily life, then argued that U.S. policies, unchecked capitalism, and military spending were the roots of many problems worldwide.
Richard Caplan, a professor of international relations at Oxford University, said that although there were 鈥渁ssaults鈥� on multinationalism around the pandemic, particularly in the form of 鈥渧accine nationalism,鈥� there were also indications that COVID-19 could lead to more cooperation, even among longtime foes.
Caplan noted that earlier this year, Israel and the Palestinian Authority coordinated efforts between health ministries. Thousands of Palestinian workers were able to remain in Israel for longer periods so as to slow the spread of the virus.
鈥淯nfortunately this unprecedented practical cooperation broke down, in part because of political tensions associated with the Trump (Middle East) peace plan and Israel鈥檚 moves towards annexation鈥� of Palestinian territories, Caplan said.
There is also the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access Facility, or COVAX, a grouping of more than 150 countries pooling resources around combating the disease and distribution of a future vaccine. The U.S. is not participating in the effort, led by the World Health Organization. Trump says WHO is influenced heavily by China and that joining the effort could constrain U.S. efforts to develop a vaccine.
In this image made from UNTV video, Rodrigo Roa Duterte, president of the Philippines, speaks in a pre-recorded message which was played during the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly, Tuesday, Sept. 22, 2020, at UN headquarters. The U.N.鈥檚 first virtual meeting of world leaders started Tuesday with pre-recorded speeches from some of the planet鈥檚 biggest powers, kept at home by the coronavirus pandemic that will likely be a dominant theme at their video gathering this year. (UNTV via AP)
Some leaders identified other virus-related problems that needed tackling.
South Korean President Moon Jae-in expressed concern about possible second and third waves of the coronavirus. Like many others, he also noted the damage to economies worldwide.
鈥淟ike a tsunami that follows an earthquake, economic aftershocks are sweeping us,鈥� he said.
On the question of reviving the world economy, few concrete suggestions surfaced. Most leaders seemed to argue that a vaccine was the only viable long-term solution, though many did cite concern for local economies as a way to defend their handling of the pandemic at home.
At a time when heads of state can鈥檛 meet in person, and several don鈥檛 appear interested in deepening ties, it is unclear how much progress the U.N. may make during this year鈥檚 assembly, which continues through Sept. 29. Just one thing is certain: Dozens more leaders will be talking about the pandemic and their own experiences, and together they will create a global leadership snapshot of the human struggle that鈥檚 unfolding at this strange moment in history.
When it comes to a vaccine, however, it probably doesn鈥檛 matter in the long run how much progress is made toward multilaterialism at the assembly, said Naim Salem, professional of international relations at Notre Dame University in Beirut, Lebanon.
鈥淢ultilateral cooperation is optimal,鈥� Salem said. 鈥淏ut if a vaccine proves to be effective in one country, it will spread or taken up by other countries.鈥�