A composite image showing LGBTQ+ soldiers Oleg, Borys and Vlad. Thomson Reuters Foundation
Before Russia invaded Ukraine three weeks ago, Oleg used to get up early every day to walk his dogs along the wide, French-inspired boulevards of the capital, Kyiv.
He had been planning a cycling trip to Odessa on the country鈥檚 Black Sea coast.
But three days after Russian tanks rolled across the border, Oleg, a 22-year-old bisexual man and former beer sommelier, began a very different life 鈥� signing up to serve in the Ukrainian armed forces along with his father.
鈥淢y favorite places in Kyiv are now in ruins,鈥� said Oleg, whose mother and younger brother managed to flee to Germany, joining more than 3 million Ukrainians who have left the country since Russia invaded on Feb. 24.
鈥淚 try to call them every day and communicate. I miss them very much, but I鈥檓 glad they are safe, and they don鈥檛 need to hide in basements and bomb shelters,鈥� Oleg, who declined to give his surname for security reasons, said from Kyiv.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky banned men aged 18 to 60 from leaving the country when Russia invaded, asking them instead to fight for their country, and many LGBTQ+ people have responded to his request.
LGBTQ+ people had been allowed to serve in the military in Ukraine before the war, with the first dedicated battalion founded in 2019 even joining the Kyiv Pride march that year.
Conservative attitudes towards LGBTQ+ equality persist in the central European nation of 43 million people, but Oleg said he had 鈥渘ever encountered a negative attitude鈥� in the Ukrainian capital as an openly LGBTQ+ person.
Oleg, a 22-year-old bisexual Ukrainian from Kyiv, took up arms to defend his homeland three days after Russia invaded Ukraine.
Russia鈥檚 military assault, which Moscow has called a 鈥渟pecial military operation鈥�, sent shockwaves through Ukraine鈥檚 LGBTQ+ community, partly because President Vladimir Putin has curtailed the rights of LGBTQ+ Russians.
Oleg, who came out at the age of 19 and has received the full support of his family, said he felt impelled to fight for his country as an LGBTQ+ person because he feared 鈥淩ussian repression鈥�.
Tattoos and tactics
Dmytro, a translator from Bila Tserkva, a city in central Ukraine, was planning to attend a rave the day after Russia invaded.
Instead, the non-binary 23-year-old 鈥� who identifies neither as male nor female 鈥� joined Ukraine鈥檚 territorial defence force, the military reserve of the country鈥檚 armed forces.
鈥淚 didn鈥檛 want to go into the army, but then all of this went down, and I volunteered,鈥� said Dmytro, who also asked for his surname not to be used for security reasons.
Before the war, Dmytro worked in a dubbing studio. Now, he wakes at 6 a.m. to exercise, take tactics training and learn to shoot.
As soon as he was allowed a few hours off, he got a customised tattoo of the Ukrainian coat of arms.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 have days of the week anymore,鈥� Dmytro said. 鈥淲e just count days of war.鈥�
Ukraine legalised gay sex in 1991, but conservative elements in the mainly Orthodox Christian nation often speak out against rights for LGBTQ+ people, and members of the far-right regularly target groups and events linked to the community.
Kyiv鈥檚 2015 Pride parade was disrupted by violent attacks.
But now LGBTQ+ people are signing up to fight, activists hope war could help erode lingering prejudice.
鈥淲ar destroyed the borders between LGBTQI and heterosexual militaries,鈥� said Sofiia Lapina, founder of Kyiv-based Ukraine Pride.
Still, Oleg said he preferred to be discreet about his sexuality, wary about encountering negative attitudes from older fellow soldiers.
Dmytro, a 23-year-old non-binary translator from Bila Tserkva, holds a Molotov cocktail while he shows his sparkly white glitter fingernails while serving at the Ukrainian territorial defence forces.
鈥淲e live and sleep in a small room,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 want to risk being isolated.鈥�
Homophobic groups and individuals have also joined the Ukrainian army, said Lenny Emson, director of Kyiv Pride, an LGBTQ+ rights group based in the capital.
鈥淲e鈥檝e received messages from far-right groups calling us undercover agents and telling us to flee the country, blaming us for not doing anything for Ukraine,鈥� Emson said.
In Bila Tserkva, Dmytro did not bother to remove the glittery white polish from his fingernails.
鈥淥ne of the instructors, when he noticed my nails at first, told me: 鈥業 hope you are just an aesthetic person鈥�,鈥� Dmytro said, meaning artistic rather than gay.
鈥淏ut then he added: 鈥楢ctually, I don鈥檛 care whoever you are. You are here to kill the invader, that鈥檚 what matters.'鈥�
Six same-sex soldier couples have got engaged since the war began 鈥� some hoping gay marriage will soon be legalised, according to the Union of the LGBT Military.
First, win the war
But some doubt whether signs of growing acceptance will outlast the conflict.
鈥淲hen the war is over, I think we will have to fight for human rights again,鈥� Vladislav, a 25-year-old gay soldier, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation from Kyiv.
Ukraine ranks 39th in Europe in terms of LGBTQ+ equality, according to advocacy group ILGA-Europe. Even though discrimination in the workplace is banned, same-sex couples cannot marry or adopt children.
A Russian occupation might make things worse, rights campaigners fear.
Vlad, a 25-year-old gay soldier in Kyiv, poses with the symbol of the first group of Ukrainian LGBTQ+ soldiers.
Russia, where a law against 鈥済ay propaganda鈥� has been used to ban Pride marches and detain activists, ranks 46th in Europe for LGBTQ+ legal protections, according to the ILGA-Europe survey.
Prior to the Russian assault, foreign news organisations quoted unnamed U.S. officials who said Moscow had drawn up a 鈥渒ill list鈥� of critics, including journalists and activists 鈥� LGBTQ+ people among them.
鈥淚f there is no more Ukraine, then there will be repression. People will be killed and the LGBTQ+ witch-hunt will begin,鈥� said Vladislav.
Borys, a 26-year-old former paramedic who asked for his surname not to be used, said he preferred to focus on the present for now.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 speak about the future a lot because, if you speak about the future a lot, you will (go) mad,鈥� he said in a video call from Kyiv during a break from his shift, dressed in his military uniform.
鈥淔irst, we have to win the war 鈥� And then you can call me again and we鈥檒l speak about the future.鈥�
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