FRANKFURT, Germany 鈥� From low-quality computer-written books flooding the market to potential copyright violations, publishing is the latest industry to feel the threat from rapid developments in artificial intelligence.
Since the launch last year of ChatGPT, an easy-to-use AI chatbot that can deliver an essay upon request within seconds, there have been growing worries about the impact of generative AI on a range of sectors.
Among book industry players there is 鈥渁 deep sense of insecurity,鈥� said Juergen Boos, director of the Frankfurt Book Fair, the world鈥檚 biggest, where the topic was in focus last week.
They are asking 鈥渨hat happens to authors鈥� intellectual property? Who does new content actually belong to? How do we bring this into value chains?鈥� he said.
The threat is plain to see鈥擜I writing programs allow budding authors to produce in a matter of day novels that could in the past have taken months or years to write.
A flood of titles that list ChatGPT as a coauthor have been offered for sale through Amazon鈥檚 e-book self-publishing unit.
Still, critics say the works are of low quality and sense little threat from AI for now.
British author Salman Rushdie told a press conference at the fair that recently someone asked an AI writing tool to produce 300 words in his style.
鈥淎nd what came out was pure garbage,鈥� said the 鈥淢idnight鈥檚 Children鈥� writer, to laughter from the audience. 鈥淎nybody who has ever read 300 words of mine would immediately recognize that it could not possibly be by me.鈥�
鈥淪o far I鈥檓 not that alarmed,鈥� he added, during a rare public appearance since a near-fatal stabbing attack last year in the United States.
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鈥楽till not that great鈥�
Jennifer Becker, a German author and academic, echoed Rushdie鈥檚 sentiments, telling a panel discussion that the results when it comes to AI writing fiction 鈥渁re still not that great.鈥�
鈥淭here is a lot of potential to use it鈥攖o use it collaboratively,鈥� she said. 鈥淏ut I still don鈥檛 see the point where we really hand over the writing work to AI completely autonomously.鈥�
鈥淭hat wouldn鈥檛 make for an interesting book,鈥� she added.
Industry players stress, however, that in some areas there is more openness to dealing with artificial intelligence.
鈥淚t depends a bit on the genre,鈥� said Susanne Barwick, deputy legal adviser of the German Publishers and Booksellers Association, who has been in discussion about AI with publishers.
鈥淭he field of science and specialist books is already further along and has already dealt with it more,鈥� she added.
These areas, she said, were 鈥渆asier than the field of fiction, where I think at the moment people still tend to look a bit more at the risks.鈥�
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Legal clashes
For Boos, artificial intelligence鈥檚 relationship with publishing threatens to throw up a host of legal problems鈥攚ith one major 鈥済ray area鈥� being who owns copyright of AI-generated content, he said.
There are already AI-related legal clashes involving top writers.
Last month, John Grisham, Jodi Picoult and 鈥淕ame of Thrones鈥� author George RR Martin were among several writers who filed a class-action lawsuit against ChatGPT creator OpenAI over alleged violation of copyrights.
Along with the Authors Guild, an organization representing writers, they accused the California-based company of using their books 鈥渨ithout permission鈥� to train ChatGPT鈥檚 鈥渓arge language models鈥濃�攁lgorithms capable of producing human-sounding text responses based on simple queries, according to the lawsuit.
Translation is another thorny area, with some industry players feeling artificial intelligence would miss the nuances and subtleties needed to render complex literature into other languages.
Efforts are being made to make it clearer when AI is involved in producing a book.
Amazon recently released new guidelines that require authors who want to sell books through its self-publishing unit to tell the company in advance if their work includes material generated using artificial intelligence.
And some recognize the opportunities when it comes to AI and writing鈥攆or example, in producing stereotypical romance novels.
This, Boos joked, could bring 鈥渟ome relief鈥� that 鈥減eople don鈥檛 have to deal with that kind of content any more, and it can simply be generated at home on the computer.鈥�