Afghan people gather to board buses as they prepare to return home, after Pakistan gave last warning to undocumented migrants to leave at a bus stop in Karachi, Pakistan, October 29, 2023. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
KARACHI, Pakistan 鈥� As the clock ticked down to the November 1 deadline Pakistan set for undocumented migrants to leave the country, Muhammad Rahim boarded a bus from Karachi to the Afghan border.
鈥淲e鈥檇 live here our whole life if they didn鈥檛 send us back,鈥� said the 35-year-old Afghan national, who was born in Pakistan, married a Pakistani woman, and raised his Pakistan-born children in the port city 鈥� but has no Pakistani identity documents.
The Taliban government in Afghanistan said some 60,000 Afghans returned between September 23 to October 22 from Pakistan, which announced on October 4 that it would expel undocumented migrants who do not leave.
And recent daily returnee figures are three times higher than normal, Taliban refugee ministry spokesman Abdul Mutaleb Haqqani told Reuters on October 26.
Near Karachi鈥檚 Sohrab Goth area 鈥� home to one of Pakistan鈥檚 largest Afghan settlements 鈥� a bus service operator named Azizullah said he had laid on extra services to cope with the exodus. Nearby, lines formed before competitor bus services headed to Afghanistan.
鈥淏efore I used to run one bus a week, now we have four to five a week,鈥� said Azizullah, who 鈥� like all the Afghan migrants Reuters interviewed 鈥� spoke on condition that he be identified by only one name due to the sensitivity of the matter.
READ: Pakistan says Taliban forces building 鈥榰nlawful鈥� structure in border dispute
Reuters interviewed seven refugee families in Sohrab Goth, as well as four Taliban and Pakistani officials, community leaders, aid workers and advocates, who said Islamabad鈥檚 threat 鈥� and a subsequent rise in state-backed harassment 鈥� has torn families apart and pushed even Afghans with valid papers to leave.
The Pakistani Interior Ministry did not immediately return a request for comment. Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Mumtaz Zahra Baloch said in a statement that the expulsion plan was compliant with international norms and principles: 鈥淥ur record of the last 40 years in hosting millions of our Afghan brothers and sisters speaks for itself.鈥�
Pakistan is home to over 4 million Afghan migrants and refugees, about 1.7 million of whom are undocumented, according to Islamabad. Afghans make up the largest portion of migrants 鈥� many came after the Taliban retook Afghanistan in 2021, but a large number have been present since the 1979 Soviet invasion.
The expulsion threat came after suicide bombings this year, which the government 鈥� without providing evidence 鈥� said involved Afghans. Islamabad has also blamed them for smuggling and other militant attacks.
Cash-strapped Pakistan, navigating record inflation and a tough International Monetary Fund bailout program, also said undocumented migrants have drained its resources for decades.
Despite the challenges facing migrants, Pakistan is the only home many of them know and a sanctuary from the economic deprivation and extreme social conservatism that Afghanistan is grappling with, said Samar Abbas of the Sindh Human Rights Defenders Network, which is helping 200 Afghans seeking to remain.
Muhammad Rahim, 35, a driver and father of two, who was born in Karachi in an Afghan family, sits with his family in a pickup van as they prepare to return home, after Pakistan gave last warning to undocumented migrants to leave, at a bus stop in Karachi, Pakistan, October 29, 2023. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Rise in returns
In early September, an average of 300 people crossed the border into Afghanistan daily, according to international organizations working on migration issues, who provided data on condition that they not be identified due to the matter鈥檚 sensitivity. After Islamabad announced the November deadline, crossings jumped to roughly 4,000, the organizations said.
These figures are small compared to the number of people affected in the coming days. The information minister for Balochistan province, which borders Afghanistan, told Reuters it is opening three more border crossings.
For weeks, state-run television has run a countdown to Nov. 1 on its screens.
READ: Afghan Taliban criticizes closure of main border crossing with Pakistan
Federal Interior Minister Sarfaraz Bugti warned that law enforcement agencies will start removing 鈥渋llegal immigrants who have 鈥� no justification鈥� for being in Pakistan after Tuesday.
They will be processed at 鈥渉olding centers鈥� and then deported, he told reporters, adding that women, children and the elderly would be treated 鈥渞espectfully.鈥� Reuters could not determine how long they might be detained in the centers.
Pakistani citizens who help undocumented migrants obtain false identities or employment will face legal action, Bugti warned.
鈥淧ost-November will be very chaotic and there will be chaos in the Afghan refugee camps,鈥� said Abbas, the advocate.
An Afghan woman sits on her belongings while waiting with others to return home, after Pakistan gave last warning to undocumented migrants to leave, at a bus stop in Karachi, Pakistan, October 29, 2023. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Fear and desperation
The United Nations refugee agency UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) said Pakistan鈥檚 plans create 鈥渟erious protection risks鈥� for women and girls forced to leave. Restrictions in Afghanistan, especially on female NGO workers, have led to shrinking employment opportunities for women there.
While Pakistan says it will not target Afghans with legal status, many with proper documents also find themselves being targeted, according to migrant advocates.
UNHCR data shows that 14,700 documented Afghans left Pakistan as of Oct. 18, 2023, more than double the 6,039 in all of last year.
The agency said in a statement that 78 percent of recent returning Afghans it spoke to cited fear of arrest in Pakistan as the reason for their departure.
READ: No indication Afghan refugees in Pakistan have engaged in extremism 鈥� White House
There are more than 2.2 million Afghan migrants in Pakistan with some form of documentation recognized by the government that conveys temporary residence rights.
Roughly 1.4 million hold Proof of Registration (PoR) cards that expired on June 30, leaving them vulnerable. Islamabad says it will not take action against people with invalid cards, but Abbas told Reuters that police harassment has ramped up since the expulsion threat.
More than a dozen migrants that Reuters spoke to corroborated the claim, which Taliban diplomats in Pakistan also repeated.
Karachi East Police Superintendent Uzair Ahmed told Reuters that while there might be 鈥渙ne or two鈥� instances of harassment, it was non-systemic and offenders would be investigated.
Afghan men load their belongings as they prepare to return home, after Pakistan gave the last warning to undocumented migrants to leave, at a bus stop in Karachi, Pakistan, October 25, 2023. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Many Afghans with legal status told Reuters they feel compelled to leave out of fear of being separated from family members without documentation.
Hajira, a 42-year-old widow in Sohrab Goth, told Reuters she has the right to remain in Pakistan, as do two of her four sons. The other two don鈥檛.
Fearing separation from her children, she plans on leaving with her sons and their families before the deadline expires.
Majida, a 31-year-old born in Pakistan, lives with her husband and their six children in an apartment complex in Sohrab Goth, a squalid suburb whose narrow streets are filled with heaps of garbage.
She said her family has PoR cards but has still been subject to harassment: a brother-in-law and nephew were detained by local authorities for several hours before being released. Reuters could not independently verify her account.
When Majida fell ill earlier in October, her husband refused to help her pick up medication at a nearby pharmacy out of fear of detention.
鈥淲e don鈥檛 have a home or work (in Afghanistan),鈥� she said. 鈥淥bviously, we think of Pakistan as our home, we鈥檝e been living here for so long.鈥�
Afghan people gather to board a bus to return home, after Pakistan gave the last warning to undocumented migrants to leave, at a bus stop in Karachi, Pakistan, October 25, 2023. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Pressure in Afghanistan
Back in Afghanistan, the influx of returning migrants and refugees has exerted pressure on already limited resources that are stretched by international sanctions on the banking sector and cuts in foreign aid after the Taliban takeover.
The Afghan Ministry of Refugees says it intends to register returnees and then house them in temporary camps. The Taliban administration said it will try to find returnees jobs.
The unemployment rate more than doubled from the period immediately before the Taliban takeover to June 2023, according to the World Bank. United Nations agencies say around two-thirds of the population needs humanitarian aid.
鈥淲e had our own barbecue shop and meat shop here. We had 鈥� everything. We were guests here,鈥� said 18-year-old Muhammad just before he boarded Azizullah鈥檚 bus back to Afghanistan.
鈥淵ou should think of it this way: that the country is kicking out its guests.鈥�