Joe Mac smiles while talking with people in the Castro neighborhood in San Francisco, Wednesday, June 26, 2013. In a major victory for gay rights, the Supreme Court on Wednesday struck down a provision of a federal law denying federal benefits to married gay couples and cleared the way for the resumption of same-sex marriage in California. (AP Photo/Jeff Chiu)
NEW YORK 鈥� Even as they celebrate a momentous legal victory, supporters of gay marriage in the U.S. already are anticipating a return trip to the Supreme Court in a few years, sensing that no other option but a broader court ruling will legalize same-sex unions in all 50 states.
In the meantime, as one gay-rights leader said, there will be 鈥渢wo Americas鈥� 鈥� and legal complications for many gay couples moving between them.
Wednesday鈥檚 twin rulings will extend federal recognition to same-sex marriages in the states where they are legal and will add California 鈥� the most populous state 鈥� to the 12 others in that category. That will mean about 30 percent of Americans live in states recognizing same-sex marriage.
But the court鈥檚 rulings have no direct effect on the constitutional amendments in 29 states that limit marriage to heterosexual couples. In a handful of politically moderate states such as Oregon, Nevada and Colorado, those amendments could be overturned by ballot measures, but that鈥檚 considered highly unlikely in more conservative states.
鈥淚t would be inefficient to try to pick off 30 constitutional amendments one by one,鈥� said Fred Sainz of the Human Rights Campaign, a national gay-rights group. 鈥淓ventually this will have to be settled by the Supreme Court.鈥�
The Human Rights Campaign鈥檚 president, Chad Griffin, told supporters outside the Supreme Court building that the goal would be to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide within five years.
To sway the justices in such a time frame, activists plan a multipronged strategy. In addition to possible ballot measures in a few states, they hope lawmakers will legalize same-sex marriage in states which now offer civil unions to gay couples, notably New Jersey, Illinois and Hawaii.
There also will be advocacy efforts in more conservative states, ranging from expansion of anti-discrimination laws to possible litigation on behalf of sex-couples there who are denied state recognition even though they married legally in some other jurisdiction.
The Supreme Court鈥檚 decisions 鈥渦nderscore the emergence of two Americas,鈥� Griffin said. 鈥淚n one, LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) citizens are nearing full equality. In the other, our community lacks even the most basic protections.鈥�
Jonathan Rauch, a senior fellow with the Brookings Institution think tank in Washington, suggested that efforts to end that division would not be easy, given that many states have electorates that seem solidly opposed to gay marriage.
鈥淭he fight is far from over,鈥� Rauch wrote in a commentary. 鈥淏y refusing to override those majorities, the court green-lighted the continuation, probably for a decade or more, of state-by-state battles over marriage.鈥�
Increasingly, political swing states like Florida, as well as more solidly Republican states, could become gay marriage battlegrounds.
One example of the upcoming strategy: The American Civil Liberties Union announced Wednesday that it has hired Steve Schmidt, former communications director for the National Republican Congressional Committee, to build support among Republican state politicians for striking down gay-marriage bans.
鈥淔or a full civil liberties victory, we need broad-based support from coast to coast,鈥� the ACLU鈥檚 executive director, Anthony Romero, said.
On the conservative side, there was deep dismay over the Supreme Court rulings but little indication of any new strategies or initiatives.
鈥淭he debate over marriage has only just begun,鈥� said Austin Nimocks, senior counsel with Alliance Defending Freedom, a conservative legal group.
The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, which staunchly opposes same-sex marriage, called upon Americans 鈥渢o stand steadfastly together in promoting and defending the unique meaning of marriage: one man, one woman, for life.鈥�
Lee Badgett, an economics professor at the University of Massachusetts, predicted that the ruling on federal recognition would prompt thousands of gay couples to get married, now that there were additional financial incentives to so.
This group could include couples in states which don鈥檛 recognize same-sex marriage but who are willing to travel to a state that does recognize such unions.
While gay-rights activists pursue their ultimate goal of nationwide recognition of same-sex marriage, the short-term legal situation for many gay couples could be complicated.
The National Conference of State Legislatures said the situation was clear for married gay couples in the 13 states recognizing same-sex marriage: They will be eligible for all federal marriage benefits.
鈥淥utside of these states, federal marriage benefits become more complicated, as many commonly thought-of federal benefits, such as jointly filing on federal income taxes, are tied to a married couple鈥檚 place of residence,鈥� the conference said.
Gay-rights activists immediately began lobbying the Obama administration and other federal officials to extend as many benefits as possible on the basis of where a gay couple鈥檚 wedding took place, not on the state where they live.
Evan Wolfson of Freedom to Marry, one of the groups most active in building support for same-sex marriage, urged the administration to adopt a 鈥渃lear and consistent鈥� standard that would apply equally to all married gay couples, regardless of their state of residence.
鈥淢arriage should not flutter in and out like cellphone service,鈥� he said. 鈥淲hen it comes to federal programs, even if states are discriminating, the federal government should not.鈥�