黑料社

They make up about a third of the Philippine population today. Born between the 1980s and the 2000s, this generation composed of Filipinos in their mid-teens to their mid-thirties was the first to come of age in the new millennium. They also share one other characteristic: None of them was around when the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in 1972, which was 鈥渓ifted鈥� in 1981 but remained in force until Marcos was ousted from Malaca帽ang in the history-changing bloodless Edsa People Power Revolution of February 1986.

Some martial law-related facts that millennials should know and ask.

1. Oplan Sagittarius

Operation Plan (鈥淥plan鈥�) Sagittarius, allegedly Marcos鈥� master plan to seize power, was exposed in a privilege speech at the Senate by Sen. Benigno 鈥淣inoy鈥� Aquino Jr. on Sept. 15, 1972, a few days before martial law was declared. Under the plan, Greater Manila and the towns of Rizal and the entire Bulacan province would be put under military control. Widely recognized as Marcos鈥� main political rival, Aquino was also among the first, if not the first, to be arrested immediately upon the imposition of martial law.

2. Rolex 12

The 鈥淩olex 12鈥� was a group of military and civilian advisers, that included Defense Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile and Philippine Constabulary (PC) Chief Fidel Ramos, who helped Marcos plan martial law. The rest of the Rolex 12 were Gen. Fabian Ver; Armed Forces Chief Gen. Romeo Espino; Army chief Maj. Gen. Rafael Zagala; Maj. Gen. Ignacio Paz, head of Army intelligence; Air Force Maj. Gen. Jose Rancudo; Navy Rear Adm. Hilario Ruiz; Brig. Gen. Tomas Diaz, head of a key PC unit; Brig. Gen. Alfredo Montoya, head of the Manila Metropolitan Command; Col. Romeo Gatan, commander of the PC in Tarlac; and businessman Eduardo Cojuangco, the only other civilian in the group after Enrile.

Why Rolex? The story goes that each of the 12 received a Rolex watch from Marcos himself. This has been denied repeatedly, but the name has stuck.

3. Enrile ambush: Real or fake?

Just before 9 p.m. on Sept. 22, 1972, Enrile was in a convoy of cars going to his Dasmari帽as Village home in Makati when he was reportedly 鈥渁mbushed鈥� by 鈥渃ommunist terrorists鈥� who shot at one of the cars in the convoy. Enrile escaped unharmed. However, he would later admit at a press conference with Ramos on Feb. 22, 1986, when he announced his break with Marcos, that the ambush had been staged.

But then, in his memoir published in 2012, 40 years after the declaration of martial law, Enrile denied that the ambush had been staged. 鈥淭his is a lie that has gone around for far too long such that it has acquired acceptance as the truth 鈥� . This accusation is ridiculous and preposterous,鈥� Enrile said in his book. Whatever the truth about the ambush, one thing cannot be denied鈥擬arcos said the Enrile ambush was the final straw, so to speak, that led to the declaration of martial law.

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4. Sept. 21, 22, 23, or 17? When was martial law declared?

Was Proclamation No. 1081, the proclamation that placed the country under martial law, signed by President Marcos on Sept. 21, Sept. 22, or Sept. 17, 1972?

The main document of the proclamation bears the date Sept. 21, in keeping with Marcos鈥� known obsession with numerology. He apparently wanted the fateful date to be divisible by his lucky number 7.

However, according to Marcos鈥� diary, the Enrile 鈥渁mbush鈥� on the evening of Sept. 22, 1972, made the 鈥渕artial law proclamation a necessity.鈥�

Proclamation No. 1081 was only formally announced on Sept. 23, with Press Secretary Francisco Tatad going over television and radio to read the proclamation at 3 p.m. That was about 15 hours after the arrest of Aquino about 12:10 a.m. Marcos himself went on air at 7 p.m. for the formal announcement of the proclamation. He then imposed a curfew and banned public demonstrations, among many other things.

In Raymond Bonner鈥檚 book, 鈥淲altzing with the Dictator,鈥� the author writes of an interview he had with Enrile in which the defense secretary recalled that he and acting Executive Secretary Roberto Reyes witnessed Marcos signing the martial law proclamation on the morning of Sept. 23.

The Bangkok Post in a series of articles called 鈥淭he Aquino Papers鈥� published on Feb. 20-22, 1973, wrote that Proclamation No. 1081 had been signed on Sept. 17, post-dated to Sept. 21. Journalist Primitivo Mijares also mentioned in his book that Marcos had said as much in an address to a conference of historians in January 1973.

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5. New Society inspired by Mao?

As a song about the New Society goes鈥斺�淢ay bagong silang, may bago nang buhay, bagong bansa, bagong galaw sa bagong Lipunan. Nagbabago ang lahat tungo sa pag-unlad at ating itanghal bagong lipunan鈥濃�擬arcos envisioned the dawning of a new age for the Philippines. But where did he get his inspiration for a reformed new society?

Aquino in his 鈥淭estament from a Prison Cell,鈥� wrote that 鈥渋n Peking (Beijing) in an address before the disciples of the Great Helmsman, Marcos unabashedly admitted that his New Society was greatly inspired by the 鈥榠nvincible鈥� thoughts and ideas of Chairman Mao.鈥�

Aquino quoted Marcos: 鈥淚 am confident that I shall leave inspired and encouraged in our modest endeavor in the creation of a New Society for our people, for the transformation of China under the leadership of Chairman Mao Tse-tung is indeed the most noble monument to the invincibility of an idea supported by the force of human spirit.鈥�

This is confusing to students of history. Marcos had declared an all-out war against the communist New People鈥檚 Army because of its adherence to the so-called Mao Tse-tung Thought (MTT). And hundreds of student activists had been arrested and imprisoned as suspected believers of MTT, or for having a copy of Mao鈥檚 Red Book.

6. A dangerous time for free expression

What freedom of expression? As veteran journalist Luis Teodoro put it, there was 鈥渙nly the hiss of empty air鈥� over the radio and no newspapers outside their doors when people woke up on the morning of Sept. 23, 1972.

One of Marcos鈥� very first official acts following the announcement of martial law was the issuance of Letter of Instructions No. 1, which banned privately owned media facilities and communications 鈥渇or propaganda purposes against the government.鈥�

With martial law in place, Philippine media was under siege. Marcos controlled all sources of information through the Philippine 黑料社 Agency and Department of Public Information. A Media Advisory Council was also in place as the agency that authorized mass media operations, and as the agency that reminded media about stories that should not be published. Military censors sat inside the newsrooms beside the editors and reviewed newspapers before publication.

Apart from Senators Aquino, Jose Diokno and Ramon Mitra, also among those arrested and detained in the first few days of martial law were members of media鈥攑ublishers Joaquin Roces and Teodoro Locsin Sr.; journalists Amando Doronila, Max Soliven and Luis Beltran; and broadcaster Jose Mari Velez, to name a few.

In Metro Manila, seven English dailies, three Filipino dailies, one English-Filipino daily, seven English weekly magazines, one Spanish daily, four Chinese dailies, three business publications, one news service and seven television stations were closed. In the provinces 60 community newspapers and 292 radio stations were closed.

Most of the television and newspapers in the country were eventually 鈥渂ought鈥� or taken over by Marcos cronies and relatives, also placing them under his control.

Even gossip could land you in jail. Issued in 1973, General Order No. 19 says: 鈥淎ny person who shall utter, publish, distribute, circulate and spread rumors, false news and information and gossip 鈥� may be arrested or detained.鈥�

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7. Jingle most credible

With the credibility of Marcos-controlled media at an all-time low, Jingle Magazine became the most credible reading material during martial law. It was ostensibly a 鈥渃hordbook鈥濃�攊t had all-in-one guitar chords centerfold in every issue鈥攕o kids could learn to play the latest pop hits on their guitars.

Jingle was one of the publications closed down when martial law was declared. Resurrected after a lot of pleading and bargaining, and renamed Twinkle for a short while, the magazine initially toed the line of 鈥渞edeeming values鈥� that martial law censors harped on.

In no time鈥攑erhaps because it couldn鈥檛 help itself鈥擩ingle was back with its offerings of the latest songs with chords and lyrics (including some underground leftist anthems), a collection of contributed green jokes, music news, rants and raves from readers, some poetry, and fierce reviews of recent vinyl record releases and Chordian Angel rating鈥攖he most execrable being marked with a huge fly (bangaw).

Thus, for at least two generations, this publication served as a virtual music bible for young people who wanted to learn to play the guitar, check out the lyrics of their favorite songs before karaoke made that possible, and on the side, moon the martial law regime with the cheeky jokes and cartoons of its smart-ass staff.

Founded by Gilbert Guillermo in 1970, Jingle became the precursor to the many alternative publications that mushroomed after Ninoy Aquino鈥檚 assassination in 1983.

8. From oligarchs to cronies

Marcos had blamed the oligarchs鈥攖he small dominant class of Filipinos that held vast economic and political power against the many who were poor and powerless鈥攆or most of the ills of the Old Society, the term he used to describe the Philippines before martial law. Next to the communists, they were the main enemies of martial law. In his book, 鈥淭he Democratic Revolution in the Philippines,鈥� Marcos said there was an urgent need for 鈥渢he democratization of wealth.鈥�

But in the book 鈥淭estament from a Prison Cell,鈥� Aquino said only one member of the oligarchy had been jailed (Eugenio Lopez Jr.) and that the properties of his own family were taken by Marcos, his family and his cronies. Crony became the term used to refer to the instant new millionaires during martial law鈥攖hose who, according to Aquino, were 鈥減lundering financing institutions to finance their corporate raiding and various takeover schemes.鈥� They were the ones 鈥渁warded timber, mining and oil concessions and vast tracts of rich government agricultural and urban lands鈥� and 鈥渓ush government construction contracts.鈥�

After the Edsa Revolution, the properties of the Marcos cronies were sequestered. As of 2002, the value of sequestered companies and assets reached P223 billion. They include assets connected with Lucio Tan, Bienvenido and Gliceria Tantoco, Geronimo Velasco, Andres V. Genito, Fe Roa Gimenez, Jose Africa and Manuel Nieto, Ricardo Silverio, Rodolfo Cuenca, the late Fabian Ver, Edward Marcelo, Emilio Yap, Luz Bakunawa, Peter Sabido, Maximo Argana, Vicente Chuidian and Alfonso Lim.

9. Imelda, first MMDA chair (and more)

With the imposition of martial law, first lady Imelda Marcos鈥� influence in the government also grew. The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority鈥檚 predecessor, the Metropolitan Manila Commission (MMC), was created headed by Imelda as MMC governor with control over all of Metropolitan Manila. Imelda was also in government in other capacities. For instance, as head of the Ministry of Ecology and Human Settlements, she had jurisdiction over more than 1,000 towns and cities nationwide. Her powers also extended abroad as she was also sent out of the country as the President鈥檚 鈥渆xtraordinary emissary鈥� who negotiated loans and met with heads of states and government. By 1981, it was said that Imelda had under her control public and private funds equal to about half of the government budget.

10. Manila Film Center

In the wee hours of Nov. 17, 1981, a floor of the Manila Film Center, whose construction was being rushed for the January opening of the first Manila International Film Festival collapsed. Imelda had ambitions for Manila to become the next Cannes with the first MIFF, which featured the latest films and feted glamorous Hollywood stars like Brooke Shields and George Hamilton. The number of workers killed was pegged officially at eight but the death toll was rumored to have reached over 100. Imelda鈥檚 鈥渄issident鈥� niece, Beatriz Romualdez Francia, wrote how supervisors exhumed 35 workers who were buried under the concrete. To finish the Film Palace according to schedule, supervisors drilled out some of the corpses but then 鈥渉astily saw[ed] off the limbs of some of the dead victims and pour[ed] concrete over remaining evidence of the accident,鈥� Francia said.

11. Lifting martial law for the Pope

A month ahead of Pope (later Saint) John Paul II鈥檚 visit to the Philippines on Feb. 17, 1981, then Marcos 鈥渓ifted鈥� martial law via Proclamation No. 2045. However, he retained extralegal powers. The proclamation called on the Armed Forces of the Philippines to continue to prevent or suppress lawless violence, insurrection, rebellion and subversion. The suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus also remained in effect in the two autonomous regions in Mindanao, and in all other places 鈥渨ith respect to persons at present detained as well as others who may hereafter be similarly detained for the crimes of insurrection or rebellion, subversion, conspiracy or proposal to commit such crimes.鈥�

The lifting of martial law was also timed with the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidency of the United States. Marcos reportedly sought to get unqualified support from Reagan and at the same time, minimize papal criticism of his regime and lessen negative public opinion. That year, Marcos amended the Constitution, proclaimed a new republic, and was reelected to a third six-year term.

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12. Over 6,700 Marcos laws

When Marcos declared martial law, he closed down Congress, taking over the power to make laws. From September 1972 to May 1978 (when the Batasang Pambansa, or National Assembly, was convened), Marcos was the one-man Congress; all laws came from him alone. In reality, from 1978 to 1986, Marcos retained his power to make laws such that there was the unusual situation of the Batasang Pambansa and Marcos both having the power to make laws. But it was not that complicated as the Batasan was controlled by Marcos allies (Marcos鈥� critics called the Batasan his rubber stamp); there was hardly any conflict. Over 6,700 laws were promulgated by Marcos from September 1972 to February 1986, composed of 2,036 presidential decrees, 1,525 letter of instructions, 61 general orders, 690 executive orders, 1,409 proclamations and other issuances. How many still have the force of the law today? Compiled by Almi Atienza, Marielle Medina, Ana Roa, Eline Santos, Kate Pedroso and Minerva Generalao

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Sources: Inquirer Archives, 鈥淭he Filipino Ideology鈥� by Ferdinand Marcos, 鈥淭estament from a Prison Cell鈥� by Benigno Aquino Jr., 鈥淛uan Ponce Enrile: A Memoir,鈥� 鈥淔erdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism鈥� by Albert F. Celoza, 鈥淭he Marcos Regime: Rape of the Nation鈥� by Filemon Rodriguez, 鈥淭he Marcos File: Was He a Philippine Hero or Corrupt Tyrant?,鈥� Official Gazette, chanrobles.com, 鈥淲altzing with a Dictator鈥� by Raymond Bonner, 鈥淧hilippine Press: Under Siege Vol. 1,鈥� 鈥淜asaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People,鈥� 鈥淚melda and the Clans: A Story of the Philippines鈥� by Beatriz Romualdez Francia and 鈥淭he Marcos Dynasty鈥� by Sterling Seagrave

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