This file photo released by the Israeli Government Press office (GPO) and dated June 10, 1967, shows Israeli tanks advancing through difficult hilly terrain on the Golan heights during the Six-Day Arab-Israeli war.聽The Arab-Israeli war of June 1967, or Six-Day War, radically changed the map of the Middle East.聽Between June 5 and 10, Israel defeated Egypt, Jordan and Syria and occupied Egypt鈥檚 Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, east Jerusalem, and Syria鈥檚 Golan Heights.聽Although Israel has since withdrawn from Sinai and the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights and east Jerusalem have been annexed and the West Bank remains occupied by the Jewish state. AFP
JERUSALEM 鈥� Israelis and Palestinians mark 50 years since the Six-Day War next week as the gap between them further widens, with both sides deeply scarred by years of violence, failed negotiations and broken promises.
The anniversary comes as hopes dim for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and with heavy skepticism surrounding US President Donald Trump鈥檚 pledge to reach the 鈥渦ltimate deal鈥�.
The 1967 conflict that greatly empowered Israel but began its continuing occupation of Palestinian land is seen from starkly different viewpoints.
With its stunning victory over neighboring Arab countries, Israel vastly expanded its territory with global implications.
For Israelis, the war meant the culmination of the Jewish people鈥檚 2,000-year quest to return to Jerusalem.
This file photo taken on June 5, 1967, shows Israeli Airforce Dassault Mirage III fighters flying over the Sinai peninsula at the Israeli-Egyptian border on the first day of the Six-Day Arab-Israeli war. AFP
Palestinians see the theft of their land and a gradual effort by hardline Israelis to extend their country from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean 鈥� leaving no room for a Palestinian state.
A significant number of Israelis, including members of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu鈥檚 government, openly agree that they want to end the idea of Palestinian statehood.
Some argue that Palestinians who want to stay and live in a Jewish state could be allowed, but others should move elsewhere.
鈥淲e want to try and maybe give them compensation,鈥� said Michael Lafair, a 43-year-old Israeli lawyer who, along with his children, was in Jerusalem last week for events marking Israel鈥檚 victory in 1967.
Steps away at the Damascus Gate entrance to Jerusalem鈥檚 Old City, captured by Israel from Jordan in 1967, there was pride but little hope among Palestinians.
鈥淲e tell them we are staying here,鈥� Mohammed Castiro, 51, said at the coffee stand his family has run since 1965. 鈥淭his is our land and we don鈥檛 leave it.鈥�
Tipping point?
The divisions and signs of conflict are easily found, from the disputes over holy sites in Jerusalem to the Israeli separation wall lining the West Bank, not to mention the blockade of the war-weary Gaza Strip.
At the same time, Israel has turned itself into the Middle East鈥檚 premier military power and the self-proclaimed 鈥渟tart-up nation,鈥� its high-tech industry gaining global influence 鈥� a remarkable achievement following the country鈥檚 1948 founding in the wake of the Holocaust.
But there are warnings Israel could find itself on a suicide mission, risking an 鈥渁partheid鈥� state if it heeds calls from the right to abandon the two-state solution and annex most of the West Bank.
A combination of pictures created on May 15, 2017, shows a file photo (top) taken on June 10, 1967, showing Israeli soldiers standing near a destroyed jeep in front of the Rivoli hotel on Salaheddin Street in Jerusalem; and another picture (bottom) showing the same view taken fifty years later on May 15, 2017. AFP
With Israeli settlement building continuing and Palestinians divided between president Mahmud Abbas鈥檚 Fatah and Hamas, the Islamist movement that runs the Gaza Strip, some wonder whether the two-state solution is already dead.
Still, for the international community, an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel remains the only viable option.
鈥淲e don鈥檛 know if the two-state solution is dead or not, but it is certainly getting harder to achieve with each passing year,鈥� Dan Shapiro, US ambassador to Israel under Barack Obama and a senior fellow at Tel Aviv鈥檚 Institute for National Security Studies, told AFP.
鈥淭here may even be a tipping point, and the thing about tipping points is you sometimes don鈥檛 know you鈥檙e past them until you鈥檙e well past it.鈥�
Destroyed hopes
The 1967 war was a triumph for Israel, which defeated Egypt, Jordan and Syria in fighting that lasted from June 5 to 10.
In doing so, it captured east Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
Israel would later sign historic peace agreements with Egypt and Jordan, but its conflict with the Palestinians who populated east Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip would worsen.
A first intifada, or uprising, erupted in 1987 and lasted until 1993.
It was followed by the Oslo accords and a handshake between Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, leading to the peace process and enormous hope.
But Rabin was assassinated by a Jewish extremist in 1995 and another, far more violent intifada broke out in 2000.
Netanyahu鈥檚 current government is seen as the most right-wing in Israel鈥檚 history, and the influence of the country鈥檚 pro-peace camp has severely waned.
On the Palestinian side, president Mahmud Abbas is 82 and unpopular.
Abbas鈥檚 rival Hamas has sought to soften its image but remains firm in its position that it will not recognize Israel.
Peace efforts have meanwhile gone nowhere since a US-led initiative collapsed in April 2014.
A recent survey said 78 percent of Israelis think there is no chance of a peace agreement in the foreseeable future.
Another poll found 60 percent of Palestinians believe the two-state solution is no longer viable.
鈥楴eed to protect ourselves鈥�
Aliza Lavie, an Israeli parliament member from the centrist Yesh Atid party, said she still supports a two-state solution, but her country must be realistic.
It must not sacrifice its security, said the 52-year-old who calls the disputed city of Jerusalem 鈥渙ur capital, our heart鈥�.
鈥淲e should come back to the table and find a solution,鈥� she said.
鈥淏ut we have to do it with understanding that we need to protect ourselves.鈥�
Hanan Ashrawi, a senior Palestine Liberation Organization member born in the West Bank city of Nablus, was studying in Beirut in 1967 and returned home six years later 鈥渇ace to face with the occupation.鈥�
She called the war the start of 鈥渢he most painful chapter of my life.鈥�
鈥淭his is not something abstract or 3,000 years ago,鈥� the 70-year-old told AFP.
鈥淎nd to see that not only was a state created on your own land, but now, not only is it expanding, but it is also holding you captive. It is also depriving you of your most basic rights.鈥� CBB