Maria Ressa 鈥擩OAN BONDOC
黑料社 website Rappler has found millions of false social media accounts spreading fake news linked originally to the 2016 campaign of President Rodrigo Duterte.
Rappler chief executive officer Maria Ressa on Tuesday said her social media team had traced the spread of fake news after she was attacked with an average of 90 hate messages per hour in October 2016 after the online news site published a story on fake social media accounts.
鈥淏y mid last year, we had 12 and a half million accounts being part of it,鈥� Ressa said at the resumption of hearings on fake news by the Senate committee on public information.
As an example, she cited the account of a certain Sally Mathay that reposted wrong information via cut-and-paste.
鈥淚f you look at the websites and the groups of where she posts disinformation or what she wants to post, you can see the combination of pages,鈥� Ressa said, adding that it was how an 鈥渆cosystem鈥� of fake news was created.
鈥淵ou can see both the Duterte campaign pages and former Sen. Bongbong Marcos coming together here,鈥� she said.
鈥楶atriotic trolling鈥�
Ressa said Rappler took part in a study looking at 鈥減atriotic trolling鈥� 鈥� a state-sponsored online hate and harassment campaign 鈥渢o silence and intimidate.鈥�
鈥淪ocial media provided cheap armies to potential authoritarians and dictators to control and manipulate public opinion,鈥� Ressa said, citing the study that is set to be released in the next few months.
She did not provide details of the study, but said it mirrored the findings of a survey of 65 countries released last November by the US-based Freedom House that showed China and Russia were flooding social media with lies and disinformation rather than seeking to control them.
Trolls followed three steps to do this in the Philippines, she said.
As shown in the case of Sen. Leila de Lima, a staunch opponent of the President now detained on drug charges, Ressa said the trolls first attacked the credibility of the target.
鈥淵ou allege corruption and then you repeat that exponentially because if you say a lie 10 times, truth can catch up. But if you say a lie a million times, that becomes the truth,鈥� she said.
Sexual violence
Ressa said the second step was to use sexual violence as this 鈥渋nflames biases, fuels misogyny and then degrades the target as a sexual object.鈥�
And the last step was to directly attack the target, citing her own experience with the spread of the #ArrestMariaRessa campaign.
Ressa said social media was being used to manipulate opinion in the Philippines because the country was 鈥渁ctually the top country that goes online globally鈥� with 97 percent of Filipinos online also on Facebook.
Ressa said her staff had mapped the network of the purveyors of fake news, which has become much more systematic.
She said it was 鈥渃onsistent in its approach and it built off on the social media [election] campaign team and it was weaponized in July鈥� after Mr. Duterte took office.
Silencing dissent
She said some governments had sought to 鈥渟ilence dissent鈥� through the proliferation of fake news, flooding social media with hate messages.
Rappler, which the President has called a 鈥渇ake news outfit,鈥� is battling the revocation of its license by the Securities and Exchange Commission for allegedly violating the constitutional restrictions on foreign control of mass media in the country.
Resisting press restrictions
Ressa joined other journalists, bloggers and even the government鈥檚 communications office to resist suggestions to rein in social media.
Presidential Communications Operations Office Undersecretary Lorraine Badoy, who also spoke at the Senate hearing, asked whether statements by Ressa, whom she described as a 鈥渧ery fierce opponent of the President,鈥� be accepted 鈥渉ook, line and sinker.鈥�
鈥淚 just want it for the record that it cuts both ways. This is not the sole crime of pro-Duterte bloggers,鈥� Badoy said. 鈥�With a report from the wires